Sign
up for our Free newsletter
|
|
|
World As City:
City As Future
Imagining
the Multicultural Futures of the City
Sohail Inayatullah
Professor, Tamkang University, Sunshine Coast
University, Queensland University of Technology
www.metafuture.org
What will the cities of the future look like? Is there
one clear future for the city or is there a range of alternative futures?
First, most forecasts point to one overwhelming
trend - the urbanization of the planet, Blade
Runner writ large. This is a long term historical trend, now reaching a point where we must begin to seriously imagine Earth itself
as a city. The data indicates that by 2020, half the worlds population is expected to live in an urban
environment.
But why? First, there are few jobs on the farms, and the jobs there pay comparative less than jobs in the
cities. Farms all over the Western world are in trouble,
with governments having to subsidize farming incomes. This is in part because of automation,
but also because agricultural development does not figure high in most
nations' economic plans.
But the economic rationale is not the only reason. We
only have to go back a 100 or so years to search for the mythic roots -
it is
the myth of
going to London town and discovering streets paved with gold. While rural
communities are successfully able to provide for basic needs (at least when
the harvest is good, when nature does not play tricks), they have
been unable to provide for wealth creation. Rurality means that one
lives according to the seasons -
ups and
downs -
one does
not enter the long term linear secular trend of wealth accumulation. It is
in the city where this can happen, where riches can be earned. The city is
the
dream fulfiller,
where the future can be realized.
And there are lock-ins. Once one family goes to the
city, others follow suit. Once others follow, economies of scale take over -
along with
the factory worker, one needs the brick layer,
and eventually, service and financial industries as well. More population and more
wealth.
But this is too simple, cities are also packed with the
poor, who now live in misery,
;
that is, while they were poor on the farm, still poverty was sustainable -
there was
a sharing of what
wealth
existed.
But with the city comes the classic anomie, fragmentation, alienation.
Misery.
And yet we rarely return to the farm except as an
imagined place of peace and comfort. My own memory of
the village is of
waking up together with other villagers, eating parata
(Pakistani deep fried bread), and sitting around gupshupping (gossiping and storytelling). Yet I rarely go back to
the village, instead preferring to find friendship,
-
not through
the straitjacket of genetic birthplace, but through intended communities. I prefer
to find community by creating it. It is the city that best accomplishes
this. Or does it?
Interlude
(April 2000):
as I write this article at Taipei International Airport, the model Cindy
Crawford walks by - city
life
is now glamour life, even economy class passengers can participate in the
excitement of stardom.
But return to the village matters little, it is a
fictional memory, it gives us a benchmark. It allows us to see our progress
we can see how far we have escaped rurality and at the same time, in our
mind we retain a sense of safety, we can return to the past.
Instead of paratas,
village songs and chirping birds, we have chosen Blade Runner or modern day Bangkok/LA. And
as the Net spreads its tentacles, instead of Blade
Runner as our guiding image, it is
The
Matrix that represents the future of the city,
:
having forgotten the past, we now enter a world in which we can
no longer distinguish what is real and what is illusory. But who will be
the redeemer, who will (like Keanu Reeves
Neo) save us, showing us the light? So far the redeemers, those who
have called for a return to the village have only brought more death, Pol
Pot being the most famous example.
The likely
future of the city then is an erasure of our million-
year history, whether the Sumerians
,
(or
whomever one desires to claim began the urbanization process),
knew it would lead to this is doubtful. But our rural history appears to
have reached its end.
Different futures
Yet if our aspirations in any way reflect our possible,
if not probable, futures, then the Earth as City may not be our ultimate
future, agency is yet to be lost.
In dozens of futures visioning workshops across the
world Taiwan, Germany, New Zealand, Malaysia, Pakistan, the USA
where participants are asked to in detail describe their preferred futures,
two images are dominant.
The first is the globalist scenario -
a jet
plane for all, unrestricted movement of capital and labour as well as ideas
and news -
not a
utopia but certainly a good society where feudalism, hierarchy and
nationalist power breakdown and humans function being
toas
autonomous fulfilled beings. The market is primary but globalized
worlds allows endless associations -
non-governmental
organizations,
religious affiliations, and other forms of identity currently unimaginable
(along genetic, Net lines, example). With scarcity less of a problem, who we
are and how we express our changing identity become far more crucial. The
city becomes a site of intention. Freedom is realized.
As dominant as this first future is a second. This
future is far less concerned with movement and more focused on stability.
But the stability does not come from stasis but from connection -
relationship with
self, with loved ones, with community and with nature.
Wealth is no longer the crucial determining factor of who we
are;
rather it is our capacity to love and be loved, to live,
not to change the world but to live in harmony in the world. Rurality
is not tangential to this image -
indeed, while this image does not necessarily mean a return to the farm, it
does mean a move away from industrial modes of production (that is, high
fat, meat-
based diets and the accompanying waste disposal paradigm) and
postmodern modes of production (genetically modified foods) to an organic,
recyclable mode of eating and living.
Technology should not be seen as a defining factor. In
the former
scenario, technologies lead to greater wealth, to multiple selves (a
geneticized self, an internet self, for example), to access to and immersion
in endless information. In the latter, technologies are important insofar as
they lead to greater communication and greater employment. Technology that
creates new spaces for human community is the key for the latter vision of
the future.
Historically, the image of the city has gone from the
city beautiful, focused on parklands and clean streets to the city
ecological. But
ever since the 1964 New York World Fair a different image of the city has
become dominant. This is the high-tech city, or what we
now call the smart-city. The city that senses and thinks, that can
monitor the needs of its citizens -
when trees
are about to interfere with power lines, when criminals are about to loot a
store. However, a smart city, a sim
city, is also about surveillance.
Brisbane,
in Australia,
has over 100 surveillance
cameras in its central business district. These protect,
yet they also change one's
relationship with power. One is always seen. But can a smart city liberate
us from our fears and allow us to become in fact more human? A smart city
consists of smart houses but as well humans with smart bots, always-
on wearable computers which amplify our senses the wireless
revolution that has already begun with teenagers in Japan..
These bots will likely be health focused, helping us choose the right
products that match our values (ecological products or low-fat foods, or
products made by corporations that treat other cultures well, that are good
corporate citizens). But they will also help us find directions, let us know
which are the best sales (if indeed, we will still shop outside the Net),
and where our friends outare,
becoming true knowledge navigators.
While the image of the American cartoon The Jetsons is perhaps an apt image, we must ask what is missing in
this image of the future. Yes, life will be more efficient -
automation, perfect information,
however, who will be excluded? Will our behavior become regimented
will smartness be based on linear reductionist notions of
the world, or more on complexity, on a paradigm wherein smartness comes from difference, from
learning about others.
Exclusion if often central to a planned city. Planned
cities are designed cities, rationally created with neat rows of houses,
clear demarcations of industrial areas, prostitution areas, grave sites and
shopping areas. The Pakistani capital Islamabad is one such example.
Designed in the 1960's
by Ford Foundation planners, the image that guided them was the American
city, pivotally, the vacuum cleaner. However, with cheap labour vacuum
cleaners were not a necessity. But where to put the sweepers.
?
As it turned,
out they
moved to Islamabad as well, building kathchi
abadis. These temporary mudbrick houses became a sore site for planners
so they built a wall around them. The
question then becomes:
who and what are we walling in our city design?
Geneva has taken a different tack. Once a classical
traditional white Euro city, in the last thirty years,
it has transformed beyond belief. The city looks multicultural with African,
Middle-eastern,
Italian, and Indian
cafιes
as well as fast food restaurants. Public life is community life with dozens
of cultures mixing. While most Swiss consider Geneva an aberration, others
have made peace with multiculturalism by moving to the other side of the
river, the traditional mono-cultural side.
But ultimately there will be no other side of the
river. The only hope will be a multicultural city. Inclusion.
Thus, along with the smart city as a guiding image of
the futures, is the multicultural city. But what is the multicultural city?
First it means city spaces are not segregated by race or gender, one should
not be able to identify an ethnic area, or at least not see such
an area in a negative way. Second, citizens should feel they are part
of the city, that they are not discriminated against, especially by those in
authority. The actions of public officials and employees are crucial here.
The Net of course helps greatly by hiding our gender, accent and colour. But
a multicultural city also incorporates others'
ways of knowing, creating
a complex and chaotic model of space such that the city does not necessarily
match the values of only one culture -
mosques with
temples with banks. City design must then not only be executed by trained
city planners but by
feng shui experts as well, searching for the energy lines, decoding
which areas are best for banking, what for play, what for education -
essentially designing
and building for beauty and function.
Writes Starhawk in her The
Fifth Sacred Thing:
The vision of the future is centred in the
city; its a vision where people have lots of different religions,
cultures and subcultures but they can all come together and work together.
It starts with a woman climbing a hill for a ritual and visiting all the
different shrines of these different religions and cultures that are up on
the sacred mountain. To me that is what Id like to see. Culture is like a
sacred mountain thats big enough for many, many different approaches to
spirit.
Interlude
(May 2000):
I am now in Pakistan at the Islamabad Club. A western style golf club
complete with swimming pools, fancy waiters
and tennis courts. We are about to have tea when the Ahzan call to
prayer
begins. Waiters quickly lay down intricate handwoven carpets. Seven people
leave their tea, bend down and begin their prayer. No one is bothered that
the elitest secularism of the Club has been broken with prayer, indeed, they
merge together. After prayer, dinner starts.
Future-Orientation:
A multicultural city is not just concerned about the
present but is future-oriented as well, concerned with all our tomorrows.
City planning meetings
should,
for example,
attempt to keep one chair empty. This empty chair could represent future
generations, their silent voices represented symbolically. Each political
and administrative decision needs to factor in the impact on future
generations. Most immediately -
five to
twenty years -
for Western
cities, this means the rise of the aged. While the gloss is of happy ageing
people, the data currently is that most elderly will live miserable lives,
healthy enough to live but not sick enough to die. They will search for
community, their children having moved away (unless the Net leads to the
return to the home, the place of birth), for meaning and for ease of
movement. A smart city will do a great deal in creating such a reality. But
smartness will have to be with compassion especially has
many of the aged will be mentally ill.
Net living will not make the city any less important.
Indeed, home offices make communities far more important. Every move towards
efficiency accentuates the need for connection. Working from home highlights
the need for social contact outside of
the office space. Work has not just been about making money but
about falling in love with office mates, gossiping, going shopping at lunch,
making new friends -
about living.
Telecommuting, while saving money for any organization, raises new issues
for workers. Relationships between husbands and wives change. Children are
no longer far away at school, they are home in the afternoon. For men,
housework cannot be exported to their wives since now home
the pressure to share in house activities increases.
Anticipating the future of the city also
means asking residents what type of city they want in the future. While most
individuals are content with avoiding big-picture national politics, many do
care about their local environment -
pollutants, level of development, types of parks, quality of schools.
However, most city planning exercises are problem-
based, asking citizens to list the main problems with
politicians running on platforms that will solve such problems. However,
anticipation means helping residents consider the alternative futures of the
city. This means an interactive process wherein residents suggest visions of
the future which are
then developed by
planners into scenarios which in
turn are then fed back to citizens. These visions must be based on
their preferred futures, their nightmare scenarios and the likely scenario
if nothing is done, if historical trends continue. This process empowers
both citizens and leaders alike. It also moves the process from the
technical factors of urban planning to the more general dimension of
envisioning an ideal city.
The interactive process must include expert information
on current trends, using mapping technologies to show how the city is
currently divided by income, religion and other factors. Such
maps are already available in many OECD nations. These
maps can then be projected outwards with citizens imagining different
visualizations of the future. Data with vision with conversation with
leadership can create a powerful mix of creating the cities we truly want.
While the current process of benchmarking choosing best practice cities
and discerning how ones own city is different from them is useful and
has led to marked improvement in Asian cities, our imagination of what can
be has not yet been unleashed. City space is of course about access to
water, hospital, safe streets, efficient garbage collection and jobs. But it
is also about our imagination of who we can be.
A future-oriented city is thus a democratic city in the
sense of deep participation about the future. It can be multicultural in the
sense of better representation, of including others' voices as well as their
cultural frameworks. It is smart in the sense of using technology to measure
how well we are doing, to provide benchmarks with reference to our ideal
city.
Interlude
(January 2001):
I remember a conversation in Brisbane, Australia a few years ago with some
refugees
who had just arrived from Bosnia. They were puzzled as they drove from the
airport to the city. They thought that either the entire population had gone to a football match or a
neutron bomb had been dropped, leaving the buildings but killing all the
citizens. Eventually after a week they realized that unlike traditional
societies or walkable cities, suburban cities are people-absent after work.
Everyone goes home to create community through the mediation of television.
The only people walking the streets were southern Europeans
and Asians,
who walked nightly and were used to a higher population density. In the
drive to modernity, community had been lost. Standardized television
community had been gained. The cost: a lonely, fragmented population.
The great fear in creating the smart city is that we
will become more socially isolated, meaning that we will die of silent heart
attacks in our homes. Of course, the smart house will relay to the smart
hospital that someone has died in house number 4 on Main Street. An
ambulance will be dispatched and the body quickly whisked away. Eventually, even
this will not be necessary. The smart house will take care of the body,
disposing of
it, arranging a cyber burial and finding a cyber plot. Birth to death will
be automated.
But in the background will be our mythic longing for
the village.
Can we create,
then, a
global village? So far we have shown an amazing capacity in create
creating
the global city. Perhaps one day the entire Earth will be a city. It
will look stunning from the Moon and Mars. But McLuhans vision will
always remains
with us. Unrealized. Calling us.
Leadership and the multicultural challenge
The multicultural image challenges us to accept
difference, to see the entire planet as a global neighborhood. This means
being responsible for ones street,
virtual or real. The multicultural city also challenges us to develop
our capacities for tolerance, for dealing with
the sounds and smells of others. There have been periods in history
when different cultures and civilizations have been in profound contact,
where there has
have
been paradigms of pluralism. And yes,
marauders and local politicians have invaded these sacred spaces, creating a
politics of exclusion instead of an ethics of inclusion.
The 20th century will be remembered for both
tendencies exclusion and inclusion
Interlude,
Novi Sad, Serbia (June 2000): even
as Serbian refugees from Croatia and Kosovo stream
in,
changing the demographics of the city and as poverty continues to rise (with
no end in sight of Milosevic or sanctions) -
this
is a livable city, and remains a multicultural one as well, a
beautiful city. Everything is in walkable distance, plays, street theater
continues, and citizens present a noble face even as their nation dies.
Albanians are still safe even though the war in Kosovo has strained
community relations. In contrast was Srebrenica a few years ago, where 7500 Bosnian
muslims were murdered by the Bosnian Serbs,
or Saravejo which was pummeled by Serb
sniper fire. I feel sadness for Novi Sad's citizens seeing their
dreams of socialist utopia degenerate into fascist nationalism. Bridges
destroyed. But most of all for their diminished power in creating the
eclectic inclusive future many there desire.
Multiculturalism has
to have a broader context, either a deep internal ethics or a broader
ideology of inclusion. However, the context pivots on leadership. Where
leadership has used difference to rise in local and national power, the
visions and histories of others has been the first causality, and ultimately
ignorance has returned to destroy culture itself, the host and others. Where
leadership has focused not on ethnic differences but empowered individuals
to transcend their petty differences and create a better society for all,
civilization has flourished.
Gene therapy and germ line engineering are likely to
create even greater
disharmony
between cultures, where access to genetic advantage will become as
important as access to wealth, education and technology. New forms are
species are likely to challenge the limits of our tolerance, and, if humans
become a minority in the artificial future, we are likely to challenge their
tolerance of imperfection. And while bodies can perhaps be perfected, love
and tolerance can only be learned in two ways: trauma leading to fear
leading to collapse (and the unending hell of revenge) or through
transcendence. Moving to a higher plane of consciousness.
Without an image of transcendence
, we die as a civilization. A multicultural city creates spaces
for difference, but for it to unify the polarity of village/city, it will
have to transcend difference and seize upon an image of the future which
enables and ennobles us to go beyond limitations.
Which future will it be then? Earth as City? Or Earth
as multicultural communities?
|
|
|
|